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Apple's C1 modem process technology: - Baseband: 4/5nm (both technologies are similar) - Low-frequency/Sub-6 TRx (Transceivers): 7nm - Intermediate Frequency (IF) TRx: 7nm - PMIC: 55nm The C1 refreshed version is under development for mass production next year, aiming to improve power consumption and transmission speed and support for mmWave (including TRx and front-end components, built on a 28nm process). While supporting mmWave isn't particularly challenging, achieving stable performance with low power consumption remains a key hurdle. Unlike processors/GPUs, baseband chips don't aggressively adopt the latest advanced node because the return on investment isn't high. As a result, it's unlikely that Apple's baseband will shift to a 3nm process next year. - Advanced nodes don't significantly improve baseband transmission speeds. - While advanced nodes can improve baseband power efficiency, it's worth pointing out that the baseband is not the most power-consuming component in a mobile phone's wireless system.